SAEDNEWS: The dayereh is a type of percussion instrument that comes in various sizes. It closely resembles the daf, but is smaller and produces a distinct sound. If you’re curious about the history of this instrument and how it is played, this article is a must-read.
The dayereh is a traditional percussion instrument closely related to the daf. While both are frame drums, they differ in a few key aspects: the daf usually features small metal rings attached to its wooden frame, and the dayereh is smaller in size. These differences create distinct sound qualities for each instrument. Larger versions of the dayereh are referred to as “daf,” which also produces a deeper, more resonant tone compared to the dayereh.
The word “daf” originates from the Hebrew term taph, meaning “to strike or beat.” In Sumerian, it was called dub, and in Akkadian, dupu or tupu. The term later entered Aramaic as dup, then Arabic as duf, before finally becoming daf in Persian.
History of the Dayereh
The dayereh has a long history, often used in temples and royal courts. Its origins trace back centuries. A bronze cup from Lorestan, housed in the National Museum of Iran in Tehran, depicts a flute, harp, and dayereh being played in a temple or court setting. In Pahlavi, it was called dāre, while in Azerbaijan it is known as qaval. A traditional Azerbaijani trio called Ochlug prominently features the dayereh. In Azerbaijani music, the instrument is often used as a rhythmic accompaniment to the ashiq. Renowned musician Uzeyir Hajibeyov included it as a core part of the national orchestra and was the first to notate it formally.
The dayereh comes in various sizes, though these differences do not significantly affect its sound. What does vary is regional playing technique, influenced by local customs and traditions. Occasionally, even the instrument’s construction is adapted.
For example, in the village of Deh-e Now in Kerman, musicians stretch sheep intestines across the drumhead in a crisscross pattern, producing a sound similar to a snare drum. In Siriz, a village in Zarand, the dayereh is used during traditional stick dances (chochap), whereas in other villages, drums or naqareh are preferred.
The dayereh is versatile and played differently across regions. Its wooden frame includes a small hole for the musician’s right thumb, which helps hold the instrument. The remaining fingers of both hands strike the drumhead. While playing, the musician often moves the instrument slightly to activate small attached rings, creating a jingling sound.
Beyond Iran, the dayereh is also popular in Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Uyghur regions of China.
Regional variations influence how the dayereh is held and played. In some areas, musicians hold it with both hands in front of the face, similar to the daf. Elsewhere, the instrument rests against the musician’s leg while seated. Despite these variations, the instrument’s sound remains consistent; only the rhythm and playing technique change.
Frame drums such as the daf, dayereh, and jingled dayereh predate Islam and were historically known by different names. Archaeological evidence and ancient inscriptions indicate that these instruments have a history of several millennia.
Fortunately, these authentic Iranian instruments have preserved their originality and continue to attract enthusiasts. They are also played in neighboring countries, which historically were part of the greater Iranian cultural sphere, preserving their traditional heritage in those regions as well.
The dayereh is medium-sized, smaller than the daf, and belongs to the frame drum family. It consists of a wooden frame and a drumhead, often made from goat or fish skin or synthetic materials. Synthetic drumheads are more durable and remain stable in humid conditions.
To construct the wooden frame, craftsmen first bend soaked wood around a metal cylinder to achieve flexibility. The frame halves are then glued together, and the drumhead is stretched over the frame and secured with nails. Small metal rings attached to the frame create the characteristic jingling sound.
