An island of rock rises from Iran’s endless plain — explore ancient forts, hidden murals and a shrine that locals still revere.
If, among Sistan and Baluchestan’s sights, you’re seeking something unique and less visited, don’t miss a trip to Kuh-e Khwaja — a solitary, mysterious mountain that stands tall in the middle of the Sistan plain like a forgotten piece of a historical puzzle.
Kuh-e Khwaja in Zabol is not only notable for its special geographic position but also for the secrets it hides within, making it one of the most distinctive tourist destinations in southeastern Iran.
This mountain, combining nature, myth and ancient architecture, tops the list of Zabol’s attractions. On this beautiful peak, castles, wall paintings, ancient temples and the rare spectacle of the plain and Hamun Lake all come together in one frame. If you favour journeys that go beyond ordinary nature tours, Kuh-e Khwaja will not disappoint you. In this piece from Alibaba Travel Magazine, join us as we discover this Zabol attraction.
Kuh-e Khwaja in Zabol is a mountain that stands resolutely amid the endless Sistan plain, just like a stony sentinel over flat land. The mountain is 30 kilometres from Zabol, but more than its distance, it is its contrast with the surroundings that draws attention.
Kuh-e Khwaja is made of basalt rocks and has a trapezoidal shape jutting from the earth. When the Hamun is full of water, the mountain appears like a silent island on the sea. When the lake is dry, the surrounding land stretches as far as the eye can see, with cracks in the soil through which the wind howls.
But Kuh-e Khwaja is not merely a rocky outcrop; it contains a past that dates back to Parthian and Sasanian times: fortresses, temples, walls bearing ancient murals and a mausoleum whose name is still spoken: Khwaja Mahdi.
This mountain is sacred to Zoroastrians, Muslims and Christians. In Zoroastrian belief, it is said to be the place where the Soshyant — the final saviour — will return. For this reason, Kuh-e Khwaja is not simply a destination; it is a rare fusion of land, history and expectation.
This mountain is one of the best-known historical and natural attractions of Sistan and Baluchestan Province and is located in Hamun County, in the Timorabad district and a namesake rural district; it is clearly visible on the map.
The distance from Tehran to Kuh-e Khwaja is 1,518 kilometres; by car this takes approximately 17 hours and 35 minutes of driving.
The distance from Zahedan to Kuh-e Khwaja is 226 kilometres; by car this takes about 2 hours and 35 minutes.
The distance from Zabol to Kuh-e Khwaja is 37.8 kilometres; by car this takes about 40 minutes.
The distance from Chabahar to Kuh-e Khwaja is 880 kilometres; by car this takes about 9 hours and 55 minutes.
The distance from Khash to Kuh-e Khwaja is 403 kilometres; by car this takes about 4 hours and 30 minutes.
The distance from Iranshahr to Kuh-e Khwaja is 549 kilometres; by car this takes about 6 hours and 5 minutes.
The naming of this mountain stems from the mausoleum of Khwaja Mahdi — one of the loyal companions of the Alawi family — whose tomb stands atop this mountain. Over time the mountain has been known by various names, including Kuh-e Khwaja Ghalatan, Kuh-e Noor, Kuh-e Baateni and Kuh-e Mow'ood.
Each of these names reflects religious beliefs and ancient narratives that have formed around this place.
Autumn and winter are more suitable seasons for travel. In these periods the blistering heat of the plain subsides and the visiting routes become more bearable.
Spring, with mild weather and a fresh view of the surrounding plains, can also be a pleasant experience. Summer is not suitable, however, because the region’s heat can be unpleasant.
The mountain’s plant cover has adapted to the region’s dry and semi‑desert climate: hardy species that depend neither on rain nor fertile soil. On the slopes around the mountain, shrub species such as tamarisk, haloxylon and saxaul are seen, which withstand wind and heat.
Around Hamun Lake, scattered salt‑tolerant vegetation grows that provides habitat for migratory birds and local wildlife. These plants, in their simplicity, play a vital role in soil preservation, erosion control and the resilience of the mountain‑and‑plain ecosystem.
Below we introduce the sights of Kuh-e Khwaja so you can experience a more astonishing adventure.
Kafrun Fortress on the southeastern slope of Kuh-e Khwaja in Zabol is a hidden structure whose walls still stand and keep alive traces of ancient rule carved into the rocks.
The main citadel on the mountain, with three defensive enclosures, a grand gateway, interlocking corridors, an empty courtyard and a silent fire temple, now stands as a monument. Each part of this complex signals an order, power and ritual that today can only be felt in the stone.
On the mountain’s highest point, where the first sunlight reaches, another structure is visible: Kakk Khahzad. Its name lives on in legends; a demon who, according to the Shahnameh epic, was slain by Rostam. This place was probably a royal seat — a vantage point rather than ordinary construction.
The architecture of these two structures is not purely local. On the capitals you can see traces of Greek art: columns with spiral fluting. Floral stone carvings with lotus motifs recall Achaemenid patterns, and some designs carry echoes of Mesopotamian art.
Stone steps that connect these two structures still remain and clearly show that this was once a living fortress.
Much of the mountain’s interior walls, especially the verandas and the main hall, were originally covered with murals. Not only the four walls but the vaulted ceiling of the hall was decorated with orderly painted motifs. These murals were executed in one phase and later covered with a new layer of materials — as if deliberately hidden from view.
In surrounding areas, items bearing images of the god of love have been discovered, mostly engraved on silver vessels dating to the first century CE. Among the remaining motifs inside the mountain are scenes showing people sitting, playing instruments, dancing or walking a tightrope; in one scene a tightrope walker stands on someone’s head.
Some of these paintings are still discernible, though incomplete. On one wall of the hall, a depiction of a king and queen under a royal canopy is visible. Elsewhere, figures of deities appear, motionless and upright; like guardians from a forgotten world.
Local people believe that the owner of this tomb was one of the martyrs of the Alawi lineage — a person slain by enemies of the faith whose grave remains upon the mountain. Exactly above the grave there is a small hole that for years has been a place for vows and supplications.
Locals say that if you place your hand — with a sincere intention — into this hole, something will come out that signifies your wish; usually it is full, or something light and unexpected. For them this is not just a custom but a sign of a living spiritual presence within the mountain.
The Chehel Dokhtaran Fortress, sometimes known as the Forty Daughters Fortress, is one of the Sasanian-era structures standing on the heights of the Kuh-e Khwaja area in Zabol County. This historic fortress perches on a clay hill.
Locals have a story about it: they say that once forty daughters lived there and their laughter was heard from afar. Chehel Dokhtaran is not only an architectural relic but also part of local memory that combines history and legend. This site was registered on Iran’s National Heritage List on 21 July 2005 (30 Tir 1384) with registration number 12155.
The upper flat expanse of Kuh-e Khwaja is large — tens of hectares. A large portion of this space is covered by stone graves: graves so distinctive and mysterious that they can hold your gaze for hours.
Most of these graves are built directly on the ground surface, with flat or sometimes curved stones laid upon them. Their simple appearance is deceptive, for each hides a story within.
Around Kuh-e Khwaja there are paths for walking along dusty, historic tracks. These routes are suitable for those who prefer gentle nature walks. Photographers can capture views of the mountain, the plain, historic remains and the seasonal Hamun Lake.
In seasons when Hamun collects water, migratory birds appear around the area. Birdwatching is among the region’s most captivating experiences.
The surrounding fields are also suitable for camping (provided you research suitable and safe camping sites in advance and take a local guide). Nights here are calm and free from light pollution with a star-filled sky.
Visiting the mountain’s archaeological remains — such as fortresses, temples and murals — also forms an important part of tourism in the area. It is suitable for those who love silence, nature and history.
Despite its high historical and cultural value, Kuh-e Khwaja remains undeveloped in terms of visitor facilities. There is no formal and standard parking in the area and visitors should be aware there are no sanitary facilities, prayer rooms or resting gazebos.
There is also no shop for food or water around the mountain. Therefore, visitors should prepare essentials such as drinking water, food, a groundsheet and personal items in advance and enter the route fully equipped.
This trip is more suitable for those who can enjoy nature and history with minimal facilities.
There are diverse accommodation options for travelling to Kuh-e Khwaja depending on your travel style and equipment. From staying in the open countryside to choosing a hotel or a rural homestay (eco-lodge) in Zabol — everything depends on the experience you seek. This area is a special choice for adventurous travellers, history enthusiasts and cultural tourists.
If you are a camper, staying outdoors around Kuh-e Khwaja can be an unforgettable experience. Cooler seasons such as spring and autumn are suitable for overnight stays.
For camping in this region, basic equipment such as a tent, sleeping bag, torch, dry food, sufficient water and appropriate clothing are essential. Remember that there are no on-site amenities, so travel prepared and always observe safety and environmental principles. Be sure to research safe camping spots in advance.
For those who prefer traditional and local accommodation, Zabol’s eco-lodges are a suitable option. Rostamzadegan Homestay is located near Kuh-e Khwaja and offers views of Hamun Lake. This homestay provides a peaceful space with equipped suites and full facilities, and its proximity to Shahr-e Sukhteh (the Burnt City) and the Dahan-e Gholaman site is an advantage.
Bepur Homestay, with a traditional atmosphere and a calm environment, attracts visitors and offers the opportunity to experience local culture and easy access to nearby attractions.
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When visiting Kuh-e Khwaja, wear appropriate clothing and hiking shoes or sturdy sneakers with non‑slip soles.
Take drinking water, medicine, a first‑aid kit and food with you.
Pack sunglasses, a brimmed hat and sunscreen.
If you plan to return late, bring a torch or headlamp.
The ascent route lacks official signage; follow clearly marked paths.
If you intend to stay overnight, be fully equipped and do not remain alone at night.
Before travelling, check the road and weather conditions for the area.
Due to the lack of facilities, prepare everything in advance.
