SAEDNEWS: Unexpected vaginal bleeding can signal issues such as infections, hormonal imbalances, or even cancer – a comprehensive guide to causes, symptoms, and treatments.
According to Saed News, citing Behdasht News, vaginal discharge is a combination of cells and bodily fluids that exit through the vagina. Biologically, this discharge is normal, and all women experience it. Vaginal discharge is typically white and odorless, but its quantity and characteristics can change depending on various factors.
Because the amount, color, and consistency of discharge can vary significantly, it is important for women to pay attention to any unusual symptoms. Sometimes, vaginal discharge may appear bloody. In such cases, women may experience:
Menstrual-related symptoms such as pain and cramping
Vaginal burning or itching
Pain in the vagina or cervix
Pain during sexual intercourse
Bleeding after sexual intercourse
Increased urination or burning during urination
The causes of bloody vaginal discharge are usually identifiable and treatable. If you notice these symptoms, it is important to consult a doctor. Below are the main potential causes, categorized by type:
Menstrual Cycle: Bloody discharge may result from leftover menstrual blood mixing with vaginal fluids. Discharge often increases at the end of menstruation and may appear brown or reddish-brown.
Pregnancy Complications: Bloody discharge during pregnancy may signal complications such as miscarriage or premature placental separation.
Age: Women in early puberty or during menopause may experience bleeding outside their regular periods, which can mix with normal discharge and appear red or brown.
Cervix: The cervix, located at the lower part of the uterus, can be infected by the human papillomavirus (HPV), which may transform cervical cells into cancerous cells. Bloody or brown vaginal discharge can be a symptom of cervical cancer.
Uterus/Endometrium: The endometrium is a tissue lining the uterus. Postmenopausal women are at risk of endometrial (uterine) cancer, and bloody discharge may indicate this condition.
The female reproductive system is exposed to the external environment through the vagina, making women susceptible to infections from both external and internal sources.
Bacteria: Normal vaginal bacteria can sometimes overgrow, causing infections and abnormal discharge. Sexually transmitted infections like gonorrhea and chlamydia may cause similar symptoms.
Fungi (Yeast): Yeast normally exists in balance within the vagina. Disruption of this balance can lead to infection, causing itching and abnormal discharge.
Obstruction: Objects inserted into the vagina, such as intrauterine devices (IUDs), can alter the amount, quality, and consistency of discharge, as well as menstrual patterns.
Anatomical Issues: Rarely, abnormal anatomical changes, such as prolapse of the rectum or bladder into the vagina, can allow feces or urine to enter the vagina, causing foul-smelling brown discharge.
Normal Spotting: Spotting is minor vaginal bleeding that occurs between periods. It is usually harmless and may result from birth control pills or estrogen-only hormone supplements.
Ovulation Pain (Mittelschmerz): Pain during ovulation may sometimes cause minor vaginal bleeding or brown discharge. Mild cases can be managed at home.
IUD-Related Abnormal Bleeding: Mild bleeding or spotting may occur with an IUD. Persistent symptoms over three months should be evaluated by a gynecologist.
Cervical Cancer: As previously noted, infections or HPV can affect the cervix, sometimes leading to serious disease. Prompt medical evaluation is essential.
Bacterial Vaginosis: An imbalance in vaginal bacteria can cause discharge that is white-gray with a strong odor. This is not a sexually transmitted infection. Antibiotic treatment is often required.
If you experience bloody vaginal discharge, note your last menstrual period and recent sexual activity. Discharge outside the expected time should prompt medical consultation. A doctor may recommend:
Pelvic Exam: To inspect the reproductive organs using a speculum.
Pap Smear: To test cervical cells for pre-cancerous or cancerous changes.
Ultrasound: To examine the uterus.
Biopsy: To analyze tissue from the vagina or uterus.
Treatment depends on the underlying cause:
Antibiotics: For bacterial or sexually transmitted infections.
Vaccination: HPV vaccines for women aged 9–26 to reduce cervical cancer risk.
Contraceptive Adjustments: Changing birth control methods if they cause bleeding.
Surgery or Radiation: For cancer-related causes; chemotherapy may be used for advanced cases.
Pregnant women with bloody discharge accompanied by abdominal pain, cramping, fever, or chills should seek urgent medical care.
Among women experiencing bloody vaginal discharge:
24% report vaginal bleeding
13% report abdominal cramping
7% report vaginal discharge
Duration of symptoms:
39% less than one week
27% less than one day
17% more than one month
Common causes observed:
33% normal spotting
8% painful ovulation
